In Islam, the main conditions that make an individual responsible for observing worship are being a Muslim, of sound mind, and having reached the age of maturity. These same conditions apply specifically to the obligation of fasting during Ramadan. For a person to be required to fast, they must first be a Muslim and have reached the age of maturity with a sound mind, making fasting in Ramadan an obligatory act for them (Kâsânî, Bedâî’, 2/87).
Although individuals who meet the requirements for religious duties are expected to observe fasting, certain groups are granted an exception due to specific circumstances. For instance, some people in unique situations, such as illness or travel, are given permission to skip fasting temporarily.
For children who have not yet reached maturity, fasting and prayer are not obligatory, but they are encouraged to participate to help them gradually adapt to worship. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) recommended that children should be taught to pray from the age of seven and firmly encouraged by ten (Abu Dawud, Salat, 26 [494-495]; Tirmidhi, Salat, 182 [407]). This guidance helps to cultivate a sense of responsibility and familiarity with worship from a young age, preparing them for future obligations.
The emphasis in Islam on training children in worship and permitting flexibility for those unable to fast highlights the balanced approach to religious obligations, respecting both personal circumstances and the spiritual development of individuals.